By sampling from the two adjacent grades (e.g., 7th and 8th grades in the US), the researchers constructed presumably equivalent groups to estimate achievement gain scores as the difference in percentage of items correct between the two grades averaged over all items in a topic.
Even though age was not found to be associated with CMT, in view of the statistically different age distribution of the 3 spherical equivalent groups, the mean CMT was reanalysed after age matching among the 3 spherical equivalent groups to eliminate the potential influence of age differences.
Cases were more likely to be classified into the high opiate equivalent group relative to controls (odds ratio (OR), 1.24; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1 to 1.54; P = 0.049).
We augmented the standard pretest-posttest design by having two pre- and two posttests and a non-equivalent control group, to offer more protection against threats to internal validity, such as history, maturation and testing.
This study uses a quasi-experimental, non-equivalent group design to analyze the outcomes in terms of students' learning and satisfaction of the redesign of a first-year, principles of microeconomics course from a lecture-based course using active learning techniques in 2013 to a partial flipped classroom in 2014 and a full flipped classroom in 2015.
Moreover, while the generally slower ADHD group Stroop test performance may have contributed to generally equivalent group error rates, this speed/accuracy trade-off did not aid patient participants in reducing the Stroop effect in error rates.
Hence, this procedure chose two equivalent groups with regard to average PGP, but with and without sick leave.
We applied coarsened exact matching (CEM) to create statistically equivalent groups among treated cases (exposed to program) and control cases (non-exposure to program) from this observational data.
The US equivalent group would be the National Black Police Association.
For control to rest in any other group would be equivalent to allowing that group to "play poker" with someone else's money and would create inefficiencies that lead to the possibility of failure.
