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An equivalent constraint to Equation 6 is the eikonal equation ∇ ϕ x, t = 1 (7).
Constraint set simplification yields equivalent constraint sets, and are useful for providing simpler types for expressions.
But an absolute 'fair' comparison should be made between convolutional codes with the same 'binary equivalent constraint length'.
Ramani et al. [23] used the method of variable separation to separate the shift and shift invariant in the statistical data model and established two equivalent constraint problems.
In this paper, it is proposed to use a combination of the Coupled Criterion of Finite Fracture Mechanics (FFM) and the Equivalent Constraint Model (ECM) to predict the evolution of crack density with increasing applied load.
w a,i, f r,ε, and (f_{{{text{r,}}sigma }}^{text{e}}) are the magnitudes of the ith actuation wrench, εth non-overconstraint wrench, and σth equivalent constraint wrench, respectively.
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Using these variable substitutions, and the equivalent constraints in (14), the optimization problem in (25) can be reformulated as (27).
Since the solution algorithm of the FFP can transform multiple objective functions to equivalent constraints, it makes the FFP straightforward to deal with importance of multiple objectives.
The next result offers another set of equivalent constraints for parameters of (mathcal {L}(mathbf {x};mathbf {a})), but in terms of marginal failure rates (r_{X_{i}}(x), ; i = 1,2).
For a periodically constrained beam the geometric constraints can be replaced by a set of equivalent constraints, each of which only involves the functions in one coupling group dictated by the coupling relationships when the stiffeners are also added at the constrained points.
Constraint (28) is the deterministic-equivalent constraint to (27).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com