The university has a published policy on qualification equivalences and does not treat any level 3 (A-level or equivalent) qualification more or less favourably.
As noted in the case of the sea battle, when rewriting in the formal mode captures the sense of what is being said, and when the formulations "if p, q" and "p only if q" seem idiomatically equivalent, then an inferential interpretation will be in order, von Wright's equivalences will hold, and the material conditional may well give a reasonable account of such cases.
Mr. White, for his part, may start arguments with his own equivalences, such as lumping the Jewish victims of the Holocaust in with the 66 million total deaths in World War II, his No. 1 most horrible thing of all time.
Tropical Africa experienced contemporaneous fluctuations in its climate, although it is misleading to infer any simple equivalences between these fluctuations and the European periods of glacial advances and retreats.
The cryptanalyst can use this fact in two ways: first, to recognize that he is faced with a monoalphabetic substitution cipher and, second, to aid him in selecting the likeliest equivalences of letters to be tried.
Two other important rules concern implications, not equivalences: 3.
These parallelisms then form equivalences with the five directions, and they in turn with the five primary colours.
These equivalences are expressed formally by the validity, again for any wff α, of(∃x)(∃y)α ≡ ∼(∀x)(∀y)∼α and(∀x)(∀y)α ≡ ∼(∃x)(∃y)∼α and by the resulting replaceability anywhere in a wff of (∃x)(∃y) by ∼(∀x)(∀y)∼, or of (∀x)(∀y) by ∼(∃x)(∃y)∼.
Use definitions or PC equivalences to eliminate all operators except ∼, ·, and ∨.
Tables of equivalences of alphanumeric characters and strings of binary digits are called coding systems, the counterpart of writing systems.
The intuitive connections between some and every noted earlier are reflected in the fact that the following equivalences are valid:(∃x)ϕx ≡ ∼(∀x)∼ϕx (∀x)ϕx ≡ ∼(∃ x)∼ϕx These equivalences remain valid when ϕx is replaced by any wff, however complex; i.e., for any wff α whatsoever,(∃x)α ≡ ∼(∀x)∼α and(∀x)α ≡ ∼(∃ x)∼αare valid.
