For simple genetic models, the equivalence extends to selection and the genetic response to selection when one uses the Price covariance formulation of selection as the covariance between genotype and relative fitness (Price 1970).
Therefore, empirical comminution functions (which are applicable for any attrition/comminution process), such as: strength distribution, selection, equivalence, breakage, and fatigue, have been integrated into the three-dimensional CFD DEM simulation tool.
Although additional study is warranted both to demonstrate equivalence and further refine selection criteria, two professional societies have published guidelines for APBI with useful selection criteria (Table 4) [ 28, 29].
Published estimates to inform the selection of equivalence margins using the Olerud & Molander Score was non-existent.
g) The main contribution of this paper (discussed in part I) – the equivalence of individual natural selection acting on inter-species interactions with a simple associative learning rule such as Hebbian learning.
So if the equivalence relation (defined by selection) is used to decide identity, then what are those changes which shift an entity in the phenotype space to yield a different phenotype?
However, these two arguments are equivalent, which is similar to the equivalence of SNP-BLUP genomic selection with GBLUP [ 3, 24].
Thus, selection defines an equivalence relation S (or ~) on E. The phenotype is that function p: E → p(E) for which it is true, that ∀ e1, e2 ∈ E: e1 S e2 ⇔ p e1) = p e2).
1.2 Equivalence: Two entities are equivalent under a particular selective force in a particular environment, if this selection process cannot sort among them better than random.
Finally, a not significant ρ shows the absence of selection effect and the equivalence of using the bivariate or two separate probit models.
