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Metaphrase is said to create "formal equivalence" between two texts -- inasmuch as each word in the first text is semantically mirrored by a corresponding word in the second text -- whereas paraphrase is said to create "dynamic equivalence," meaning that the whole sense of the first text is mirrored in the second text even if the words themselves are different.
In contrast, Fiske [10] claimed that communal relationships observe a "principle of equivalence," meaning that close friends should be undifferentiated and any ranking should be meaningless.
Beaton suggested four equivalences to be checked: Semantic equivalence, that the words should have only one meaning so as not to confuse the patients; grammar; idiomatic equivalence, or a check of all the colloquialisms, which turned out to not be an issue; and experiential equivalence, meaning that the items and experiences of daily life were checked and that the language was adapted.
Similar(57)
Two independent forward translations (source English version to target Malay version) were first produced with the aim of achieving equivalence in concepts (i.e. conceptual equivalence) and meaning (i.e. semantic equivalence), from which a consensus forward Malay translation was obtained, with differences resolved through discussion.
Unlike genuine propositions, tautologies and contradictions "have no 'subject-matter'" (6.124), "lack sense," and "say nothing" about the world (4.461), and, analogously, mathematical equations are "pseudo-propositions" (6.2) which, when 'true'correctect'richtigtig' (6.2321)), "merely mark… [the] equivalence of meaning [of 'two expressions']" (6.2323).
The English EDAQ translation was harmonized with the Swedish version to ensure equivalence of meaning.
Harmonization between the UK and Swedish research teams to ensure equivalence of meaning.
Our findings are specific to comparing measurement across constructs, and do not imply equivalence of meaning.
This highlighted items needing revision in order to achieve equivalence of meaning across cultures.
Discrepancies between the original COMM and the back-translated version were reviewed for equivalence of meaning.
Focus group participants re-visited the difficult items, explored their meaning and identified potential ways to achieve equivalence of meaning.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com