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The Food and Drug Administration was taken aback when the institute's panel concluded, unanimously, that the current system could not be fixed because "substantial equivalence" is based on comparisons reaching back more than 35 years to devices that were never systematically assessed for safety or effectiveness.
In the first approach, equivalence is based on the dynamics of the underlying asset, in the second approach, the equivalence is based on the European option price J-formula and Heston's model.
The first definition, called regular similarity, considers regular equivalence as an equivalence relation that commutes with the underlying graph edges; while the second definition, called generalized regular equivalence, is based on the notion of role assignment or coloring.
This equivalence is based on the following observations.
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Their notion of physical equivalence was based on Fell's mathematical idea of weak equivalence (Fell 1960).
Toxicologic dose equivalence was based on the current World Health Organization TEF recommendations (Van den Berg et al. 1998).
Note that our tests for equivalence are based on comparing this confidence interval to the ±5%% of the corresponding Jenkins based estimate.
The quantity tested is mean difference (Chojnacky − Jenkins) in plot level tonnes carbon per hectare; the test for equivalence was based on the percentage difference relative to the Jenkins based estimate (i.e. 100 × ((Chojnacky − Jenkins)/Jenkins)).
The sample size in this equivalence study is based on an applied equivalence limit difference ES of 0.4, as this range of small to moderate difference in effect size will not result in clinically important differences.
We present here a notion of equivalence that is based upon the notion of bisimulation from the literature on concurrent processes.
The energetic equivalence rule, which is based on a combination of metabolic theory and the self-thinning rule, is one of the fundamental laws of nature.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com