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The end result was no statistical difference in revolutions/day (10,086 vs. 9,123), thus demonstrating approximate functional equivalence achieved by "multiple solutions" in response to selective breeding (e.g., Endler et al. 2001; Spitschak et al. 2007; see also Swallow et al. 2009; Garland et al. 2011a).
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The published Chinese versions are for the US Chinese population[ 8] and Hong Kong (the HK translation is being used in some other Southeast Asian countries) [ 9]. Results of psychometric testing of these Chinese versions suggested that scaling assumptions were generally met and conceptual equivalence was achieved in comparison with forms using Western languages.
Ultimately, native tissue benchmark values are compared to measurements that have been made on engineered disc tissues, identifying where functional equivalence was achieved, and where there remain opportunities for advancement.
Semantic equivalence is achieved when items have the same meaning for users of both cultures.
Item equivalence is achieved when the meaning of the individual item in both sets of questionnaires is contextually similar.
Psychometric measurement equivalence is achieved when psychometric quality of both instruments is comparable and acceptably high [ 60, 63].
Although word modifications were made to take into account social and cultural differences, during this process, much care was taken to ensure that linguistic equivalence was achieved.
Technical equivalence is achieved when, "the method of assessment... is comparable in each culture with respect to the data that it yields," [ 12].
17, 18 The emotive recovery was faster in both anxiety and depression questions in the PNBs group, although equivalence was achieved by day 3.
In outcomes research, measurement equivalence is achieved if a scale generates comparable scores for individuals at the same level of health regardless of the populations they come from [ 1].
Changes to the original questionnaire were collated by the Irish team leader (DH) and sent to the US team leader (SR) for retranslation, and original and final versions were compared to ensure that linguistic equivalence was achieved [ 28].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com