Thus, the actual equilibrium trait values depend upon initial conditions of the system (Figure 3B) and, because the equilibrium is neutrally stable, the system can 'drift' to different points along the equilibrium curve.
If the initial trait value of the invading prey is close to the equilibrium trait value of the resident prey (see the initial point of trajectory c in Fig. 3a), the defense trait of the invading prey evolves to a higher value after it invades and three species coexist stably (trajectory c in Fig. 3a; Fig. 3c).
If the initial defense trait value of the second prey is lower than the equilibrium trait value of the resident prey (see the initial point of trajectory b in Fig. 3a), the trait of the second, invading prey evolves to a lower value after it invades and three species coexist stably (trajectory b in Fig. 3a; Fig. 3b).
If the initial trait value of the second prey is close to the equilibrium trait value of the resident prey (see the initial point of trajectory c in Fig. 4a), the second prey evolves its defense to a higher level, and the resident prey evolves it defense to a much lower level, resulting in destabilization of the population dynamics (trajectory c in Fig. 4a; Fig. 4c).
If the resident predator and prey have coevolved and their trait values are close to equilibrium, their trait values tend to be relatively high.
In the framework of the above theory and its marginal benefit consequence, the conclusion would be that the Limousin and Angus breeds are genetically more different than are the Angus and Brahman breeds, with this difference including different trait coding QTL, inversion of LD phases, fixed SNPs, and SNPs in linkage equilibrium with trait coding QTL.
At this equilibrium, the trait variance is maintained by mutation, which increases variance, and by genetic drift and stabilizing selection, which decrease variance.
We first calculate equilibrium abundances and trait values when both traits can evolve and m0 = 0.2 and me = 0, and then apply additional mortality with a range of positive values for me to evaluate the relative importance of indirect versus direct evolutionary rescue.
Our results show that spatial structure and disturbance have a strong influence on the equilibrium life-history traits within a metacommunity.
If the trait variance starts from a small value, it converges to the smaller equilibrium, where the trait variance is maintained mainly by the mutation drift balance.
