Glasses are inherently non-equilibrium materials, and consequently, their properties evolve toward equilibrium in a process known as structural recovery or physical aging.
They show that in any attempt to reinterpret general equilibrium as a process model institutions must emerge.
Once the RF pulse is given, the nuclei return to their equilibrium state (a process called relaxation), releasing their absorbed extra energy and emitting an RF signal.
Depending on their ratios of N2 to NH3, N/N, and CO2/CO/CH4, as well as H and C isotopic ratios, they may represent an equilibrium, a hydrothermally processed assemblage, or a disequilibrium, cometlike assemblage (Bradley and Summons, 2010).
On this account, L is publicly justified for P if each member has a sufficient reason for endorsing L even if (a) the reasons of some individuals are different from those of others, and (b) the fact that each does have a reason is a consequence of an equilibrium process, rather than an actual course of reasoning or explicit deliberation.
The fractionation in this case is not an equilibrium process but rather a kinetic effect: the lighter isotope proceeds faster through the photosynthetic process and, consequently, is enriched.
Partitioning between the aqueous and solid phases proceeds either as an equilibrium process or as a first-order process and represents chemical nonequilibrium for both the mobile and immobile regions.
In mixing and spreading, a system strives toward equilibrium with its environment, a process called thermalization.
The Fischer glycosidation reaction is an equilibrium process and can lead to a mixture of ring size isomers and anomers, plus in some cases, small amounts of acyclic forms.
The precipitation of calcium carbonate from water is an example of an equilibrium fractionation process.
