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Chemical relaxation results from the inability of systems at equilibria to respond instantaneously to changes in external conditions.
But miscommunication is what causes repeated-game cooperative equilibria to unravel in the first place.
The problem has thus shifted from choosing among multiple Nash equilibria to choosing among the various refinements.
The next lemma from [13] relates the normalized Nash equilibria to the KKT conditions (3.3).
G-rich sequences undergo unique structural equilibria to form G-quadruplexes (G4) both in vitro and in cell systems.
This simulation is based on simple assumptions, which link solution complex formation equilibria to the two-phase sorption phenomena.
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(iii) If both equilibrium curves of (1') are irreducible conics, then every solution converges to one of up to three equilibria or to a unique minimal period-two solution which occurs as the intersection of two elliptic curves. .
If both equilibrium curves of (1') are irreducible conics, then every solution converges to one of up to three equilibria or to a unique minimal period-two solution which occurs as the intersection of two elliptic curves.
This issue was additionally confirmed using only CZE mode, to avoid additional equilibria due to MEKC mode (Fig. 2).
The analysis of the complex chemical equilibria helps to identify temperature zones corresponding to stability domains of certain molecules.
The mixing rules are applied to different low-pressure phase equilibria and to two near-critical and supercritical systems.
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