Across all, positive feedback mechanisms shift seemingly stable system phenomena towards complexity and catastrophic, far-from-equilibria conditions (Thom 1977; Cambel 1993; Arthur 1994a, b;).
The kinetics of low-pressure methanol synthesis from CO, CO2 and H2 on a commercial Cu/ZnO catalyst was investigated in a Berty-type reactor at low overall conversion to reduce the influence of chemical equilibria (reaction conditions: p = 3 5 MPa, T = 483 543 K).
In the discussion following a paper that had attributed a specific phenomenon to the reproduction of genes that were favoured or inhibited by environmental conditions Delbrück noted that "many systems in flux equilibrium are capable of several different equilibria under identical conditions.
For a deterministic system, we solve the problems by determining the stability of the two equilibria under different conditions.
The buffer theory is based on the rigorous thermodynamic analysis of complex chemical equilibria under environmental conditions in aquatic ecosystems, as natural waters and soils.
They compute the stability of the disease-free and of the endemic equilibria and enumerate conditions on the value of the delay, to ensure the asymptotic stability of the two equilibria.
Furthermore, we show that the discrete model has the same equilibria, and the conditions for their stability are identical in case of both the discrete and the corresponding continuous models.
Inconsistencies between the thermodynamic predictions and the IR-frequency analysis suggest that the 3-D periodic models are not capturing key components of the system that influence the adsorption equilibria under varying conditions of pH, ionic strength and electrolyte composition.
A special dynamical signal green-time re-allocation model is added; the combination is shown (in outline) to converge to the set of approximate consistent equilibria under certain conditions.
