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Considering the slippage tendency of the fiber tow over the surface, a local stability criterion involving mathematical parameters of the mandrel surface is established, and a general fiber path equation can be formulated.
If Knudsen diffusion and the last one are assumed, a well-known diffusion equation can be formulated: frac{delta {C}_A}{delta t}={D}_kfrac{delta^2{C}_A}{delta {x}^2}- k{C}_A (10).
A stochastic space thermal model, which is a stochastic differential equation can be formulated as: {text{d}}x = left[ {frac{K}{C}left( {x_{o} - x} right) + frac{{salpha P_{e} }}{C}} right]{text{d}}t + {text{d}}v_{t} (4 where v t is a Wiener process with variance parameter σ2.
For each epoch, t i, Eq. (6) can be linearized as follows: (7) where the observation matrix g i and the state vector δx are defined by: (8) (9) For N-point kinematic solutions, the following matrix equation can be formulated: (10) Finally, the optimal state vector,, which minimizes the squared-sum of the residual vector, e T e, is obtained from: (11).
Therefore, a bivariate equation can be formulated, as a function of t and the modifier e, increasing significantly the descriptive capabilities of the model for real cases.
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In the flamelet framework for premixed turbulent combustion, a transport equation for the flame surface density, commonly known as the Σ-equation, can be formulated but requires closure assumptions.
Thus, the resulting system of equations can be formulated so that the displacements on the inclusion matrix interfaces and the discontinuous displacements over the cracks can be obtained.
On an aligned grid, numerical discretizations of partial differential equations can be formulated to satisfy the interfacial relations, such as matching fluxes across the discontinuity, to reduce the numerical errors introduced by the discontinuity.
The continuous adjoint method for shape optimization problems, in flows governed by the Navier Stokes equations, can be formulated in two different ways, each of which leads to a different expression for the sensitivity derivatives of the objective function with respect to the control variables.
Several important problems in partial differential equations can be formulated as integral equations.
The characteristic equations can be formulated on basis of (1) as d x d s = ∇ p H ( p, x ), (4).
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