These results document that music listening has specific efficacy in enhancing mood even when expectations of improvement are equated across groups.
To accept this does not equate with across-the-board comfort at all titles.
For these purposes, we designed an ERP experiment with the valence of words manipulated, and arousal equated across valences.
This result is not unlike the difference in AUC produced by old/new and 2AFC recognition tests even when underlying latent variables are equated across testing procedures.
However, in the presence of criterion variability (equated across the two procedures), simultaneous lineups yielded higher empirical discriminability (measured by pAUC) than showups.
These problems can be addressed partially with item response theory (IRT) modeling in which units are implicitly equated across measurement occasions, i.e., ability at different time points is transformed to a single scale (McArdle et al., 2009).
A second experiment (n=20) replicated the name-to-sound facilitation effect with a new sample of kindergarteners who participated in a fully within-subject design in which all children learned meaningless pseudoword names for letters and with phoneme class equated across related and unrelated conditions.
The luminance of the stimuli was equated across categories.
Importantly, expected value was equated across all gambles and set to $0.00 to avoid framing effects [24], while variance was equated across High-Variance, Positive-Skew, and Negative-Skew gambles, and skewness was manipulated in opposite directions for Positive- versus Negative-Skew gambles.
Overall levels of performance can usually only be equated across the modalities by artificially constraining information acquisition, for example by restricting vision to a narrow field of view [47].
