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Trace a square from your measurement (both height and width are equal in measurement).
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Interviewer training emphasized that all risk factors were plausible and required equal care in measurement.
If CMI was measured with equal measurement error in all hospitals the problem would be one of residual confounding caused by regression dilution or attenuation bias (in which case the standardised mortality ratios would be preferable to crude mortality but will not fully adjust for the risk factor).
The near and distance measurements were equal in all cases.
Furthermore, the number of BGA measurements was equal in both groups.
A possible Hawthorne effect should, however, beside from the field measurements be equal in the two study arms.
(averaged across two eligibility visits) was designated as the study eye; if IOP measurements were equal in both eyes at 11 a.m., the right eye was selected.
I assumed a between-child variation in PM2.5 of σ b = 2.82 and an equal measurement error in PM2.5 of σ e = 2.82 (by naively using the standard deviation in PM2.5).
The participation rate for both measurements was relatively equal in both groups, with 399 (76.7%) returning complete data at both pre-test and follow-up in the intervention group, and 445 (80.9%) in the control group (NS).
It was a revolution in measurement.
Truth in measurement?
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com