However, we cannot yet provide precise guidelines about where this distinction occurs in biological systems, although we empirically observe that the model produces equal estimates of pool proportions across all lineages and high tree uncertainty when confronted with very highly mixed samples.
Recently, Thébault showed that different measures of modularity tailored to presence/absence matrices (i.e. networks in which links have no weight), gave roughly equal estimates of the significance of modularity, but differed in the community partition they returned (i.e. the identity of nodes composing each module varied).
Equal estimate quality of particle filters with different sampling densities achieved by the proposed technique is shown in a numerical example.
Hence, two patients with the same propensity score have an equal estimated probability of exposure.
Evaluating tetrachoric correlations (Supplementary Tables 1 and 2), sibling pairs and the parent child pairs had equal point estimates of the correlation, and brother brother full sibling pairs had the highest point estimate of the correlation (0.42, CI: 0.36 0.47), together with brother sister pairs (0.42, CI: 0.36 0.45).
When groups of subjects with equal estimated PSs are compared, an observational study approximates a randomised trial.
Based on evidence from Klein et al. [ 18], the transition probabilities of going from nephropathy to CHD (0.022), neuropathy to CHD (0.029), and retinopathy to CHD (0.028) are equal to the estimates of going from CHD back to the respective microvascular disease states.
As described in Materials and Methods, I found estimates of equal to 0.030 and 0.013, estimates of equal to 0.16 and 0.28, and estimates of f equal to 0.58 and 0.74 for C. albicans and for C. dubliniensis, respectively.
Data from a panel of markers are repeatedly divided into randomly selected groups of approximately equal size, yielding two estimates of heterozygosity for each sample.
It has been shown that it is best to avoid small samples and to use samples of equal size when comparing estimates of FST [ 12].
Rearranging to give −ln(EHH) ≈ 2rg, we estimated the age of the allele by regressing the values of −ln(EHH) at various genetic distances 2r from the HPR allele, the gradient of the regression line being equal to g. Estimates of age in years were converted by multiplying the allele age by the generation time, estimated to be 27 years (Fenner 2005).
