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This allows distinct constraints with equal constraint values to unify with (pi _0) (cf. Example 6 below).
Likelihood ratio tests were applied to compare a series of nested models including equal constraint (M0 dN/dS = ω), variation in ω across sites (M3, M2a and 1a ) and distinct patterns of variation across sites on foreground and background branches (branchXsites models).
The AIC and BIC values of the equal constraint model are larger for the mammalian-mtProt but smaller for the cpProt and HA_Human-Flu-A-H1N1 than those of the reference amino acid substitution models.
In Tables 3, 4, and 5, the results for the equal constraint model are also listed; selective constraint is the same for all types of amino acid substitutions, that is, β = 0.
Although the energy-increment-based selective constraints perform better than the equal constraint, it does not perform as well as the empirical selective constraints estimated from the JTT, WAG, LG, and KHG, indicating the good quality of their empirical values of the selective constraints.
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The problem is NP-hard even when restricted to just not equal constraints.
Less-than-or-equal and equality constraints are respectively accommodated by the equivalences, A·x≤b⇔−A·x≥−b and A·x=b⇔(A·x≥b)∧(A·x≤b).
The case p = ∞ turns out as the equal power constraint of the p-norm constraint.
p = ∞, equal power constraint (EPC): For this case, the total power is equally divided among all transmit antennas.
The story of how Sayed Kashua came to write about Sayed Kashua sounds like a typical Sayed Kashua tale: the result of equal parts constraint and conviction.
It is only in a situation where several entrants would be likely to impose an equal competitive constraint that compensation may then play a role in choosing between these entrants".
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com