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If no multi-country (WIPO or EPO) application existed, we considered the first application in a single country as the most relevant.
When there was no international application, we looked for an EPO application, valid for 35 member states as of January 2009 [37].
Hence, continuous injection regime is usually advised for EPO application.
The dose and duration of EPO application are essential for the recovery function.
Nevertheless, a predominant opinion is that a single EPO application is associated with activation of NO signaling.
In order to achieve the optimal effectiveness of EPO in neural repairing, the dose and duration of EPO application are of great importance.
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Recent studies have also shown a trend for improved survival associated with higher Hb-levels due to rHu-EPO application in solid tumour patients receiving non-platinum based chemotherapy (Gabrilove et al, 2001; Littlewood et al, 2001).
Our results show for the first time that application of EPO caused activation of PARP proteins including PARP-1, and that polyADP-ribosylation subsequently mediated EPO-induced histone H4 acetylation and expression of c-fos and Egr-1 that mediate EPO-induced proliferation (Erickson-Miller et al, 2000).
Exogenous application of Epo not only protects retinal ganglion cells in a model of ischemia-reperfusion injury [ 19] but also photoreceptors in the model of light induced retinal degeneration [ 20, 21].
Erythropoietin (EPO) stimulates erythropoiesis through its specific receptor (EPO-R).
The prophylactic application of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHu-EPO) is capable of preventing anaemia and to decrease the frequency of transfusions in patients receiving cisplatin-based and non-platinum containing chemotherapy in several clinical trials (Henry, 1998; Ludwig and Fritz, 1998; Thatcher, 1999; Adamson and Ludwig, 1999; Crawford et al, 1999; Ponchio et al, 2000).
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