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The expansion of the human brain was one of the most rapid episodes of evolution of complex organs in the history of life.
A few years ago, we realized it would be possible to detect whether short or punctuational episodes of evolution had occurred in the genes used to infer phylogenetic trees (Webster et al. 2003).
A higher KA/KS value of 0.85 is found in the episodes of evolution near when the pig aromatases diverged.
This metric has been applied to entire genes [ 40] and entire databases [ 41], as well as to episodes of evolution represented by branches on evolutionary trees between ancestral sequences [ 42, 43].
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The PTP copies produced were shown to undergo conservative evolution along with episodes of adaptive evolution.
The PTP copies produced by duplications were shown to undergo conservative evolution along with episodes of adaptive evolution.
Afterward, five episodes of geomorphologic evolution can be differentiated: (1) the development of an Oligocene deep incised drainage system cutting the uplifted Precordillera (up to 2000 m of vertical incision) and connecting it to the Ocean; followed by (2) the infilling of deep incised valleys by up to 400 m of Atacama Gravels.
We observe that the apex basin corresponds to a sediment-balanced basin, with a sedimentary infill recording the episodes of basin evolution.
Further analysis, however, revealed that multiple episodes of convergent evolution in the RH1 gene of bats occurred, rather than just the simple convergence of Old-World fruit bats and Yangochiroptera, thus this study also emphasizes that careful attention to the complete phylogeny must be considered before concluding convergent evolution simply from a putative gene tree.
Overall, the network analysis reveals a general tree-like divergence history of the Triticeae with local episodes of reticulate evolution.
Episodes of 'quantum evolution' have been propounded by Cavalier-Smith and dismissed on phylogenetic grounds by Bill Martin and others.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com