The relevance is considerable not only for our knowledge of the basic biology of these organisms but also for applied research: molecular epidemiology (strain-typing), clinical research, vaccine and drug design, and experimental evolution.
For instance, for many pathogens, multilocus sequence typing has become the "gold standard" in molecular epidemiology, allowing strain identification and discovery.
Co-surveillance of both animal and human RV strains is essential to gain a better understanding of the epidemiology of strains in circulation and to facilitate the timely identification of new emerging variants [ 17].
Instead, there is need to identify specific virulence genes and mechanisms within lineages in order to produce a nuanced assessment of the pathogenesis and epidemiology of strains presently categorized as EAEC.
Successful control is based on knowledge of epidemiology and strains present in an area.
However, little is known about the molecular epidemiology of strains with reduced susceptibilities to ceftriaxone, the current recommended ESC.
Recent advances in finding a cell culture system for noroviruses may allow for assessing the efficacy of various disinfectants (30), but only by full epidemiologic investigation of viral gastroenteritis outbreaks and by application of molecular tests will transmission routes be determined, differences in epidemiology between strains be detected, and targeted control measures implemented.
Such situations will also require local oversight and evaluation, active surveillance, adequate epidemiology and sufficient strain characterization.
Molecular epidemiology of the strain responsible for these outbreaks indicated that it had originated in Kenya (6 ).
Comparing the epidemiology of this strain in Australia to the epidemiology of its well-documented spread in Europe will provide valuable insights into RHDV epidemiology relevant to both continents.
To obtain better insight into the epidemiology of these strains, we genotyped selected XDR TB strains by using spoligotyping, mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units–variable number of tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR), and IS 6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis.
