Other studies have also been able to demonstrate the benefits of using WGS and phylogenetic inference in addition to epidemiology in outbreak investigations, finding that WGS methods are stable and consistent with epidemiological results [ 47, 48].
New data will lead to new methods and tools, and transdisciplinarity in the use of those methods and tools will allow for new interpretation of the complex dynamics of infectious disease detection, epidemiology and outbreak mitigation.
There are, however, limitations and caveats to the GIS technique in infectious disease epidemiology and outbreak investigation.
The authors cautioned of limitations in applying GIS technology to infectious disease epidemiology and outbreak investigation, among them the occasional lack and unavailability of the necessary data.
Searches were conducted from October 2007 to March 2008 using various combinations of the following search terms: (Natural disaster OR armed conflict OR complex emergencies OR refugees OR IDP's) AND (measles OR epidemiology OR outbreak OR surveillance).
For example, analysis of several genome sequences of Bacillus anthracis found a low number of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) [ 8], which led to development of other techniques for examining the epidemiology of outbreak strains [ 9].
Although meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines have been used in the meningitis belt for several decades, including occasionally for prevention strategies, no evidence has been found of a major effect on meningococcal epidemiology beyond outbreak control.
Research on cholera in Ghana has focused more on epidemiology of outbreaks and little emphasis on economic costs.
Increased fitness of these strains in the GI tracts of wild or domestic animals may lead to high concentrations in feces for further dissemination in the environment, increased incidence, and potential increased importance to epidemiology of outbreaks [59].
The epidemiology of outbreaks caused by V. parahaemolyticus in the Puerto Montt region is changing.
