Recognising this, the nine general moral considerations and five justificatory conditions for public health ethics, defined by Childress et al. (2002) (see A duty to share vs. a duty to create data section), provide a logical starting point to assess whether a duty to participate in digital epidemiology exists.
In the aspect of mathematical epidemiology, there exists a vast of number of research results about the mathematical model on the spreading of infectious diseases, such as stochastic and deterministic models and so on.
No large-scale epidemiology studies exist for PBDEs or PFOS (Birnbaum and Cohen Hubal 2006; Butenhoff et al. 2006).
Other large-scale epidemiology studies exist for sepsis, either by sampling locally, [ 5] regionally [ 3, 6- 9], nationally [ 4, 10- 15] or internationally [ 16, 17].
Observed data suggest that subtle differences in M. tuberculosis transmission and epidemiology may exist in Sichuan, making the overall population structure observed quite different from that observed in northern China.
We have learned much about pandemics, particularly from advances in molecular biology and epidemiology, disciplines that barely existed a century ago.
Also substantial changes in epidemiology on HIV/AIDS mortality existed as mortality and also years of life loss due to opportunistic infections had significantly reduced in 2004 both men and women, after the introduction of universal ART in 2001.
Although scattered reports describing the epidemiology of NoVs in specific areas of China exist, the epidemiology and geographic distribution of NoV stains countrywide have not previously been described.
While health disparities like these have existed for years among AI, the epidemiology of smoking and nicotine dependence has not been optimally described among this underserved population.
No epidemiology data for DEHP exist to suggest a carcinogenic effect, and several recent reviews question whether the existing liver tumor data in animals are relevant for humans (IARC 2000; Klaunig et al. 2003).
