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Studies from other concentrated HIV epidemics indicate high levels of food insecurity and poor nutritional status among PWID regardless of HIV status (34).
Previous studies focusing on seasonal vaccine offering cross protection against antigenically differing influenza strains occurring in epidemics indicate some level of protection.
Seroprevalence studies after epidemics indicate that febrile illness develops in ≈20% of infected persons, while neuroinvasive disease develops in <1% (6, 7 ).
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The data for these Y. pestis plague epidemics indicates a peak in lethality during the cool-months of the year (Nov. – Mar).
In fact, the presence of multiple locations with early dengue epidemics indicates that there may not be a consistent year-to-year spatial pattern of DENV transmission and no consistent geographic source from which dengue epidemics emanate.
Cocirculation of >2 of the 4 dengue virus serotypes (DENV-1 4) DENV-1 4 reported in Kaohasung City, and the molecular characteristics of the serotypes have been well documented foreportedl epinemics, indicating the possible origin and transmission dynamics of the causative strains (2 – 9 ).
Epidemiologic data from the early epidemic indicate that the period between the introduction of the virus into Thailand and its conclusive identification was too long.
Moreover, an observed final size represents a single stochastic realization among all possible sample paths of the epidemic, indicating a need to explicitly account for demographic stochasticity.
The low diversity and the prevalence of a dominant sequence during the peak epidemic indicated that the peak epidemic was driven by a clonal expansion of very closely related sequences.
This epidemic indicates that CC4821 N. meningitidis had substantial ability to spread extensively and cause invasive disease.
In addition, the 149 reported outbreaks in poultry in 144 villages in 32 of the 76 provinces during the first week of the epidemic indicated that the virus had been widespread throughout the country.
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