HtrA is important for adapting to the intracellular environment of host macrophages [17].
The ability of bacteria to survive inside hostile environment of host macrophage is primarily due to its complex lipid bilayer formed by mycolic acids, glycolipids, lipoproteins etc.
Cicadas are known to aggregate on younger trees, possibly because the light environment of host trees had a positive effect on their oviposition density [50].
Atypical Mycobacteria can survive and proliferate within the hostile environment of host macrophages [ 3, 4].
Because of their habitat in the hypoxic environment of host macrophages, their genomes are at increased risk of cytosine deamination (to uracil) and other forms of DNA damage.
While the bacteria remain mostly extracellular in the lumen of the gut, the T3SS effectors of A/E pathogens access and manipulate the intracellular environment of host cells.
We have edited the manuscript to remove all speculation about the role of AaegTRPA1 in the natural environment of host seeking.
Like other organisms, Leishmania also needs to acquire iron from the harsh environment of host macrophages for their intracellular growth (Huynh et al., 2006; Marquis and Gros, 2007).
Isoenzymes encoded by different genes usually have different activities [ 2, 35], and even for a same enzyme, its activity may be greatly impacted at different intercellular environment of host strains [ 36].
By contrast, P. falciparum is a protozoan parasite that thrives in an environment that is not characterized by limited energy access but extreme aggressiveness due to antibodies in the blood fluid and the acidity of the vacuolar environment of host cells.
