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Reindeer can be used as a suitable ecological marker, as rapid changes are correlated to environmental turnover, whereas the horse presents a different pattern and is an accurate chronological estimator.
We also measure rates of environmental turnover for North America using Macrostrat and the principals of macrostratigraphy [31].
Because these packages are hiatus-bound, a first appearance datum (FAD) and last appearance datum (LAD) can be defined for each, allowing environmental turnover to be measured.
Fundamental to these assertions is that the strength of natural selection leading to reproductive isolation and speciation is related to the steepness of the environmental gradient [6], [8], where steepness refers to the rate of environmental turnover per unit geographic distance.
The eventual extinction of these giant insects may have been precipitated by the emergence of angiosperms and associated environmental turnover that began during the mid-Early Cretaceous.
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So we began, maybe 20 years ago, to see reward for the CEO and senior executives having a weighting, something like 75percentt on financial objectives, 25percentt on non-financial, such as customer complaints, something about environmental protection, employee turnover, things like that.
Whittaker [221] defined α-diversity as the number of species found in a sample (or within a habitat), β-diversity as the extent of species replacement along environmental gradients (termed "turnover diversity" by Gray [222]), and γ-diversity as the diversity of the whole region.
Fish sex determination (SD) systems are varied, suggesting evolutionary changes including either multiple evolution origins of genetic SD from nongenetic systems (such as environmental SD) and/or turnover events replacing one genetic system by another.
This study demonstrates the efficacy of MSW to delineate grass species turnover and environmental boundaries across two geologically dissimilar riparian zones in the Kruger National Park, South Africa.
How the balance develops over time will therefore depend on the individual learning rate of the members and the learning rate of the organization as well as factors like turnover and environmental turbulence.
Using 2010 as baseline and the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) as contextual development path, the simulation process highlights parameters of organizational performance and competitive advantages such as learning rates, turnover and environmental turbulence stepwise at year 2015, 2020, 2025 and 2030.
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