Photovoltaics (PV), which directly convert solar energy into electricity generally using semiconductors, offer a practical and sustainable solution to the current energy shortage and environmental pollution crisis.
Given the increasing environmental pollution and energy crises, the development of efficient and promising solutions to reduce energy shortages and protect the environment is paramount [1, 2].
The scarcity of the fossil fuel, environmental pollution and food crisis are the world's major issues in current era.
Environmental pollution and energy crisis have been severely accumulated due to the excessive utilization of fossil fuel resource.
Environmental pollution and energy crisis have caused extensive concern all over the world during the past decades [1].
The rapid development of global economy and growing human population worldwide followed by environmental pollution and energy crisis have increased the need for some clean renewable energy sources like solar and wind for powering the electrical grid [1, 2].
Renewable energy has become the world's strategic choice to solve environmental pollution, address the energy crisis and achieve social sustainable development.
