The resulting destitution and scarcity of essential life elements, like food, often trigger other socio-economic concerns such as household-level conflicts, plummeting health situations, and environmental degradation (Le Dang et al. 2014; Field 2012; Mutunga et al. 2017; Tittonell and Giller 2013; Wiesmann et al. 2014).
Accumulated cryptic variants can constitute a kind of genetic 'charge' that can be released during periods of environmental stress (Le Rouzic and Carlborg 2008; Masel 2013).
To overcome the disadvantage of their immobility, plants also evolved many genes in response to various environmental stresses (Le et al. 2011; Mizoi et al. 2012).
A large amount of genetic variation that is present but invisible at the phenotypic level (i.e. cryptic variation) enables populations to adapt faster to environmental change (Le Rouzic and Carlborg 2008; Wagner 2011, 2012; Masel 2013).
In Brittany, RAD farms involved in the 'low-input fodder system' agri-environmental scheme demonstrated significant environmental improvements (Le Rohellec et al., 2009): total N pressure (i.e. excreta, mineral and organic fertilizers and manure) was 33% lower (121 v. 161 kg N/ha for conventional farms).
But her presidential campaign as candidate for the environmental party, Europe Ecologie-les Verts, has failed to take off.
The environmental campaigner, Yves-Marie Le Lay, 61, put on his gas mask and walked a few steps ahead.
A combination of circadian rhythm manipulation and environmental stressors (comparable to Le-Niculescu et al. 2008; see "Circadian rhythm") might therefore be useful to create a switch between both behavioral phases in animal models.
They indeed alternate between sexual and parthenogenetic reproduction, depending on the environmental stimuli (reviewed by Le Trionnaire et al. 2008).
"The principal trouble has been selection bias," says Joëlle Le Moal, an environmental health epidemiologist at the Institut de Veille Sanitaire in Saint Maurice, France, and joint first author of the new article with colleague Matthieu Rolland.
LE participated in the acquisition of environmental data and exposure assessment.
