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Patients 3 and 4 had occupational inhalation exposure: patient 3 has current environmental inhalation exposure (birds) and familiar history of interstitial lung disease (mother died of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis); patient 4 had a previous diagnosis of chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis.
The clinical and pathologic features of our cases support that the environmental inhalation of asbestos is still a major health problem in some parts of Turkey.
They are: The environmental inhalation exposure indicators used were those described in Caudeville et al. for building a GIS-based modeling platform for quantifying human exposure to chemical stances (PLAINE: environmental inequalities analysis platform) [ 23].
Environmental inhalation exposures such as smoking or regular exposure to biomass smoke have been shown to induce a chronic low-grade inflammatory state (Baccarelli et al. 2007b; Ray et al. 2006).
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Briefly, TCE is rapidly and extensively absorbed via all routes of environmental exposure ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact.
Human exposure to the nanoparticles is possible both from workplace (occupational) and environmental release through inhalation and ingestion as major routes.
More precise measures would incorporate spatial heterogeneity (Peng and Bell 2010), as well as daily activity patterns, indoor exposures (e.g., environmental tobacco smoke), inhalation rates, and occupational exposures at the individual level.
Use of oral epithelial cells as a bioindicator of genotoxic damage arising from exposure to environmental carcinogens via inhalation and the digestive tract can be explained by the ability of cells to metabolize carcinogens and for being the first physical barrier of these tracts, resulting in greater incidence of human cancers in epithelial cells [ 17].
The transcriptional activation of the CYP1A1 gene is mediated by the binding of environmental pollutants and inhalation chemicals, notably substrates of the CYP1A1 enzyme, to the cytosolic receptor AhR and is also mediated by its translocation to the nucleus and subsequent formation of a dimer, which interacts with the corresponding xenobiotic response elements to activate transcription [ 3].
Laboratory dust generation is also utilized in other disciplines including process control and occupational hygiene in manufacturing, inhalation toxicology, environmental health and epidemiology, and pharmaceutics.
Pulmonary fibrosis can result from a variety of causes, including lung injury, environmental particle and toxin inhalation, chemotherapy, systemic autoimmune diseases, or as an idiopathic entity in form of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIP) [1] [4].
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