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Surveillance is an integral part of mitigating environmental dissemination.
Its wide use in civilian and military items increases the risk of its environmental dissemination, and thus the risk of internal contamination of populations living in such contaminated territories.
These nonoccupational exposures are the result of the wide and expanding environmental dissemination of metals that now affects millions of persons and has spread to countries all around the world.
In all, a large fraction of the repA+MDR enterics were capable of transferring resistance, suggesting that direct transfer of IncA/C MDR plasmids mediates environmental dissemination between these bacterial genera.
In-depth analysis of the environmental dissemination of phages carrying antibiotic resistance genes outside the clinical setting could increase information about the antibiotic resistance genes circulating among the healthy human population, and their influence on the generation of resistance in the environment.
In this retrospective study, measures of environmental dissemination of Campylobacter spp. were lacking.
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Related IncA/C MDR plasmids have been detected in several fish pathogens such as Aeromonas, Yersinia, Photobacterium, Edwardsiella indicating that IncA/C plasmids mediates environmental MDR dissemination between bacteria from mammalian enteric flora and from aquatic ecosystem [7], [8], [25] [27].
Other mechanisms of transmission are aerial dispersion of opportunistic or environmental microorganisms and endogenous dissemination of commensal or opportunistic pathogens [ 7– 9].
The event-driven mechanism enables push-based active environmental monitoring and automatic dissemination of abnormal events.
Similarly, citizens can participate in environmental data collection and dissemination using smart phones or through social networking sites, resulting in promoting the concept of citizen science.
Popular narratives play an important role in the social dissemination of environmental concerns, but these narratives make it difficult to separate the hydrological fact of flow reduction from the utopian position that could impart favorable appearances to an idyllic past in contrast with the current challenges presented by the narrators.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com