Sentence examples for environmental deviation from inspiring English sources

To give a simple illustration, consider two traits, and assume merit is positively related to each trait: the first has heritability 0.5, with a phenotype obtained by summing two numbers drawn from N 0,1), the first representing the breeding value, the second representing the environmental deviation; the second trait consists of only the second number, i.e. environmental deviation.

Measurements of single plots were simulated by adding a random environmental deviation to the genetic value.

The local environmental deviation was drawn at random from the distribution N (0, 1 ).

If the heritability was 1, the phenotype was equal to the true breeding value but if it was 0.4, an environmental deviation was drawn independently from N 0, 15) and added to the true breeding value for G0 to G12.

The overall phenotypic value Z ij ′ of individual i from population j is composed of three components: the additive part G ij of the genes contributing to the trait, the environmental component E j and a random local environmental deviation ∈ ij.

Given that E follows a linear relationship with latitude, we can assign environmental values E j according to (9) E j = k E × (σ G 0 2 + σ ∈ 2 ) σ Y 2 × Y j Finally, ∈ ij is a random local environmental deviation following the distribution N (0, σ ∈ ).

After using the phenotype heritability to correct for random environmental deviations included in the validation phenotypes, approximately 41% of the variation in genotypic values was explained by genomic predictions.

Larger population sizes allow greater selection intensity and probability of identifying superior recombinants, whereas increased replication improves heritability, especially for highly complex traits prone to measurement error and random environmental deviations.

Environmental deviations were normally distributed with variance σ e 2 = σ a 2 / h p l o t 2 − σ a 2, where σ a 2 represents the additive genetic variance and h p l o t 2 represents the heritability of single plot values.

Allelic effects were then scaled to set the total genetic variance (σ A ) observed in G0 equal to 10. Phenotypes with a heritability of 0.05, 0.1 or 0.4 were created by sampling environmental deviations from appropriate normal distributions and added these to the true breeding value.

Standardized random residuals for phenotypes were sampled independently from a standard normal distribution and subsequently scaled by the appropriate environmental standard deviation.