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Furthermore, V. cholerae in the environment mostly exist in a dormant form which we have characterized and call conditionally viable environmental cells (CVEC)10,16.
In the aquatic environment V. cholerae is known to exist mostly as biofilms which are comprised of densely packed cells embedded in an exopolysaccharide matrix, or as aggregates of dormant cells referred to as conditionally viable environmental cells (CVEC)10,11.
The fact that an electron beam requires high vacuum makes it harder to control the specimen environment, although lithography techniques have recently made environmental cells more practical.
To avoid such spurious effects we use the function nearestcell in package biogeo in R (Robertson et al. 2016), which checks whether neighboring environmental cells have congruent (e.g. terrestrial) environments.
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In DET, the samples are prepared in an environmental cell (EC).
The sample was placed into an environmental cell at the focal point of the sample compartment of the infrared spectrometer.
Triacetylcellulose (TAC) was subjected to surface modification by low-energy nitrogen ion irradiation for use as the diaphragm of an environmental cell transmission electron microscope (E-TEM).
The results of adsorption and temperature-programmed desorption of NO were explained using diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS) coupled with temperature-programmed experiments in environmental cell.
A window-type environmental cell (EC) that incorporates a uniaxial straining apparatus is built into a side-entry-type single-tilt specimen holder.
An integrated environmental cell has been designed and developed for the latest generation of Atom Probe Tomography LEAP™ instruments, allowing controlled exposure of samples to gases at high temperatures.
The effect of hydrogen on the interaction between dislocations and other elastic centers (impurity atoms and dislocations) in 310 S stainless steel and high-purity aluminum has been directly observed during deformation experiments in situ in an environmental cell transmission electron microscope.
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