Sentence examples for environment with pathogens from inspiring English sources

The latter may be partly ascribed to the absence of a solid immunity status in late cross-fostered piglets [ 17], which are moved in an environment with pathogens against which they do not have adequate protection.

The bacterial cell-envelope consists of a complex arrangement of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates that serves as the interface between a microorganism and its environment or, with pathogens, a human host.

Besides, the rate of hand washing compliance in healthcare institutions is low (~40%), which is presumably related to the contamination of inanimate surfaces of medical equipments and hospital environment with nosocomial pathogens [ 1].

As listed in Table 1, they are mismatch with the modern environments, co-evolution with pathogens, trade-offs, constraints on natural selection, reproductive success at the expense of health, and protective defenses that are easily confused with diseases (Nesse and Williams 1994; Nesse 2005).

In the unbiased novel host environment backcrossed pathogens with genomes with a higher percentage from a single Microbotryum species (i.e. homospecific backcross) should perform better than offspring with a more mosaic genome (heterospecific backcrosses), but this study did not provide evidence for such an effect.

We only studied the evolution of memory characteristics for pathogen environments with 50 different pathogens.

As a result, we strongly assert the necessity to understand the environment and its relationship with pathogens in air before health hazards associated with the relevant pathogens can appear.

Estimates of genetic correlations of susceptibility to bTB between environments with different bTB prevalence levels were weakest for the environment with the greatest pathogen load (i.e., >0.75 bTB prevalence).

On the other hand, if the immune efficacy is too high, hosts with and without adaptive immunity tend to coexist as the former generate environments with low pathogen pressure.

Moreover, when genetic correlations between host performance and resistance or tolerance are changed in response to infection, as shown here, the genetic outcome of selection in environments with differential pathogen burden becomes even more multifaceted.

Given that we did not conduct any experiments on animals, our results are correlative but still compatible with a scenario of immune naïveté in insular vertebrates; their immune systems have evolved in an environment with a naturally impoverished pathogen community and are incapable of fighting efficiently against newly arrived pathogens [54] [58].