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However, efforts to date have failed to generate constructs with sufficient mechanical properties to function in the demanding environment of the joint.
Biomechanical factors play a critical role in the initiation and progression of this disease, as evidenced by clinical and animal studies of alterations in the mechanical environment of the joint caused by trauma, joint instability, disuse, or obesity.
In this regard, gene transfer strategies may provide effective tools to enhance the chondroreparative processes in such samples especially when subjected to mechanical stimulation as a means to reproduce the natural environment of the joint.
As such, targeting Cx43 expression or function may be a viable therapeutic strategy to attenuate the catabolic and inflammatory environment of the joint during OA.
In addition to effects of adipokines on chondrocyte matrix metabolism, adipokines and associated metabolic abnormalities may contribute to joint degeneration through impaired neuromuscular function that alters the mechanical environment of the joint.
Three prominent risk factors for the development and worsening of knee OA are limb alignment, muscle weakness, and obesity, all of which alter the mechanical environment of the joint.
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Together, these findings demonstrate that cartilage MR imaging and synovial fluid biomarkers provide powerful non-invasive tools for characterizing changes in the biochemical and biomechanical environments of the joint.
This is of particular importance in the context of rheumatic diseases and cartilage/bone metabolism, since the development of new and/or adapted molecular therapies depends on the understanding of superordinate pathway interrelationships in the pro-inflammatory micro-environment of the joint [ 4].
The artificial joint simulator is designed to simulate the complicated movement and environment of the artificial joint in vivo.
Because of the specific biomechanical environment of the patellofemoral joint, chondral disorders, including chondromalacia, often are observed in this articulation.
Despite significant advances in scaffold design, manufacture, and development, it remains unclear what forces these scaffolds must withstand when implanted into the heavily loaded environment of the knee joint.
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