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b Hysteretic envelope curve.
Before the critical strain, the stress follows the lower envelope curve at low temperatures, whereas it follows the upper envelope curve at high temperatures.
The proposed cardiac sound spectral envelope curve method is validated by some case studies.
The bearing capacity of the model was analyzed through load deflection envelope curve.
Figure 6 Channel fading signal envelope curve with sinusoid FM signal.
For f → ∞, the envelope curve is at the origin (limit cycle shrinking to a point).
Figure 5 Channel fading signal envelope curve without sinusoid FM signal.
This model employs an existing monotonic stress strain relationship as the envelope curve.
The analytical model uses the concept of uniqueness of envelope curve.
In Fig. 3a, three types of curves are used to describe the cyclic stress strain relationship: the compressive envelope curve, the tensile envelope curve, and the unloading/reloading curve connecting smoothly the two envelope curves.
(The lower envelope curve, not shown, is determined by the minimum values of v on the f-dependent limit cycles, and is symmetric to the upper envelope curve with respect to the v-nullcline and w-nullclines).
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