A promising current trend concerns the integration of PCMs into transparent envelope components.
Recently a trend towards integrating PCMs into transparent envelope components is observed.
Envelope components including windows, external walls and roofs are considered to be retrofitted.
Typically, in exact optimization models, only energy systems are considered, whereas envelope components are neglected.
Energy efficiency of buildings can be improved by implementing strategies to develop the building envelope components.
U-values that encompass the characteristics of the envelope components and the thermal surface resistances are used.
For this purpose, a multi-scale methodology ranging from envelope components to the urban dimension is necessary.
Recent evidence has revealed the importance of interactions between chromatin and nuclear envelope components in the maintenance of genome integrity.
However, in the recent years, a trend towards integrating these materials into transparent envelope components or employing transparent PCM in building systems is being observed.
A simple, small apparatus has been designed, fabricated, calibrated and tested for the determination of the air leakage through building envelope components such as simple and composite walls.
This paper presents a methodology for developing windborne debris (WBD) impact fragility curves for building envelope components (BECs) by using stochastic finite element (FE) models.
