Those protests, joined by up to 700,000 students, ended only after Ms. Bachelet agreed to meet most of the students' demands, including eliminating a fee for a college entry exam for 167,000 students and providing school meals to 200,000.
The son of an engineer and a teacher, Mr. Willetts followed a well-traveled route into Britain's governing circles: at age 11, he passed the entry exam for King Edward's School in Birmingham, a selective "grammar school" in his home town, going on to study politics, philosophy and economics at Oxford.
"I was 14-years-old and had just succeeded in the entry exam for higher education when my father told me that he had found a husband for me," said Fatime, a 40-year-old woman from CAR who has been living with her three children in the refugee camp for three weeks.
Following his graduation from school, Schnaufer passed his entry exams for officer cadets of the Luftwaffe.
He first studied law, worked as an engineer, served briefly during the Franco-Prussian War and finally passed the entry exams for painting at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts.
The entry exams for upgraded doctors are less competitive, and the upgraded doctors therefore have lower status, although they are entitled to carry out similar work to regular doctors.
In addition, a national entrance exam for entry-level governmental positions was widely adopted in all governmental organizations during this period, though it was initially implemented in the early 1990s.5 Therefore, from this period onwards, a competition-based employment system has started to play a dominant role not only in the market sector but also in the previously state-controlled sectors.
O'Neal learned that a senior trader had joined Merrill with the help of a family friend, who, after the trader failed the entrance exam for the New York City Fire Department, secured him an entry-level position as a runner.
One detective failed his entry exam twice, for example — until Commissioner Madonna himself slipped him the test, the report said, and he ended up turning in the highest score in the history of the commission.
When he was 17, he brought a recruiter home; eventually, he obtained his parents' consent to join the Army, which he did as an infantryman, despite scoring high enough on his entry exam to qualify for any number of less-hazardous specialties.
The launch made it clear that accessibility and affordability were key factors in the development of the certificate, with the cost of the level 1 entry exam priced at $20 for those working in developing countries, at $50 for those from a developed country working in a developing country and at $120 for people from, and working in, a developed country.
