Participation in each transfer programme is a positive and significant function of entitlement level.
DVA client file (1994 2007): information on sex, dates of birth and death and veteran entitlement level of DVA clients residing in New South Wales (NSW), the largest Australian state.
19 We used the following data sets to undertake our study: DVA client file (1994 2007): information on sex, dates of birth and death and veteran entitlement level of DVA clients residing in New South Wales (NSW), the largest Australian state.
Other income is differenced directly, whereas the differences in programme incomes are the differences in the programme participation indices, which are, in turn, a function of entitlement levels.
The 1988 reform also involved an expansion of Family Credit so that cash entitlement levels were typically higher by approximately two thirds: average awards were around £15 per week prior to the reform and £25 after.
Employers in formal employment relationships may also bypass employment protection legislation by pressuring workers to quit voluntarily and by harassing them (Lepage-Saucier and Wasmer, 2016), negotiate disguised "consent" dismissals, or offer compensation payments below the entitlement levels.
Australia is characterised by a regulated labour market with high minimum wages (Bray 2013), a strong public health system (Mossialos et al. 2016), and a welfare system with low, and essentially flat-rate, entitlement levels that provides universal cash benefits to those most in need (Whiteford 2010), making it a particularly interesting case for studying the effects of job loss on mental health.
Here, we adopt structural assumptions on preferences to allow us to identify the costs, borne by the single mother, associated with each transfer programme and so enable us break down the effects of the 1988 reform into those due to changes in cash programme entitlement levels and those due to changes in the in-kind programme eligibility rules.
Research from Cheshire Hunger, Emergency Use Only and Below the Breadline point to three drivers: severe reductions in social security entitlement and levels, low-waged and insecure employment, and rising household expenditure, especially costs related to housing, utilities and food.
The coalition may be less sensitive about this, but if local councils are allowed to shrug off national standards and go their own way Clegg and Cameron can expect to be criticised for presiding over an unfair "postcode lottery" where citizens in neighbouring boroughs end up with widely differing entitlements and levels of service.
For example, one can assume a rather high recall of long-term care entitlement because care level assignment requires a standardized medical examination by trained physicians from the Medical Review Board of the SHI funds performed either at the applicants' home or in the nursing home [ 35].
