Dr. Kawaoka and his colleagues combined human flu genes with an H5N1 gene that directs production of a protein the virus uses to enter host cells.
Historically, reports suggested that donor bone marrow cells could enter host tissues such as the heart and central nervous system, where they then became functional cells of those tissues.
Restrictive immigration policies mean that the conditions to enter host countries are made substantially difficult.
Entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae, carries the symbiotic bacterium, Xenorhabdus nematophila, and enter host insect hemocoel.
Understanding how these viruses enter host cells could help to develop effective therapeutics.
This significantly advances the understanding of how viruses enter host cells and opens a new window of opportunity for designing future viral fusion inhibitors.
Exotoxins are a group of soluble proteins that are secreted by the bacterium, enter host cells, and catalyze the covalent modification of a host cell component(s) to alter the host cell physiology.
We draw on the immigrant entrepreneur, social network, and related literatures to postulate that new immigrant ventures are more likely to be able to enter host markets that are psychically distant from their home markets and using higher committed entry and growth modes.
Poliovirus is structurally similar to other human enteroviruses (coxsackieviruses, echoviruses, and rhinoviruses), which also use immunoglobulin-like molecules to recognize and enter host cells.
Besides adhesion, Nme can also enter host cells.
Mycobacteria are prominent examples of bacteria that enter host macrophages by phagocytosis [2], [3].
