Almost 95percentt of the reported frauds entailed loss of cash, and a majority of those involved false or inflated invoices, billing for expenses that were never incurred and check tampering.
This inference is in contrast to the widely held view that the domestication process entailed loss of immense genetic diversity.
Deprivation of genomic DNA not only entailed loss of complete genes, but also affected intergenic and intronic sequences.
The most striking example is the loss of the Su var)3-9 gene from the Saccharomycotina because loss of SUVR39 protein entailed loss of the epigenetic H3K9me mark, and of the entire machinery involved in making heterochromatin [ 56].
The display of a "dirty" face by Lanlan's mother disrupted both the renqing norm and the provision of reciprocal face, which in turn potentially could have entailed face loss for Lanlan's father.
The ultimate self-made, self-taught man, Tarzan ratified the "widespread sense that modern technological civilization created restrictions, frustrations, ordinariness that entailed special losses for men".
Accumulating the cash to purchase a camel (about 400 to 600 €) is not easy, and camel husbandry in the camps is even more onerous since further initial investments are required for pens, water tanks and fodder, while high risks of loss are entailed due to unfavourable husbandry conditions (Broglia and Volpato [2008]).
South Africa has come back, too not only from the trauma of apartheid, but from the difficult years after 1994 when many of the institutions and services of the previous regime had to be reinvented, with all the uncertainty, disruption and job losses that entailed.
Despite the losses this entailed, some 390 warships were reportedly sent to attack Damietta in 739, and in 747, aided for the first time by ships from the Italian city-states, the Byzantines decisively defeated the combined Syrian and Alexandrian fleets off Cyprus, breaking the naval power of the Umayyad Caliphate.
However, importantly and in contrast to our task, the version of the Beads Game used in this previous study entailed monetary rewards and losses and, indeed, the parietal response was also highly sensitive to the reinforcement contingency.
According to the refuge theory [ 25, 34], rapid population expansion from refugia during interglacial periods would have entailed serial bottlenecking with progressive loss of allelic diversity, resulting in less population genetic diversity among the most recently colonised places.
