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The retrospective nature of the study may also entail bias.
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What is the strict scientific proof that randomised controlled trials entail less bias than other study designs [7], [10] [12] or that they improve patients' health [10], [12] [15]?
Second, the present study is retrospective and relies primarily on self-report data, which can entail recall bias.
This of course may entail some bias, missing out some of the additional local issues that may have been highlighted in these articles.
For the above-mentioned reasons, some error in our estimates of the influence of sampling conditions on biomarker concentration is expected, so that we cannot exclude that the standardized concentrations sometimes entail more bias than the original measure [ 44].
Nevertheless, as this was a pilot study, the sampling design did not entail any bias for the research results, as the idea in this phase is to test the psychometric properties of the instrument and its internal coherence.
Despite this convenience sampling may entail some biases (i.e. including mostly the more dedicated, advanced, or financially secured students), we adopted the strategy in order to reach a larger and geographically diversified public.
Note that the flawless detection view does not entail that biased reasoners are 100% convinced that the normative response is correct.
The very natures of the quasi-experimental design entail selection biases as the lack of randomisation.
This therefore entails a bias in the responses regarding demographic and socio-economic conditions.
Third, we note that the choice for improvement teams has some disadvantages; for example, it could entail certain biases in the instrument as well as in the evaluation research.
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