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The model predicts that core vaccination campaigns, using vaccines that provide two years of immunity, and targets 30 40% of individuals within a population every 1 2 years would be successful in ensuring persistence of small populations, and required coverage levels can be even lower in larger populations.
For this reason, whilst plasticity may offer an important stopgap measure for populations facing environmental change, evolutionary adaptations over multiple generations will still be essential for ensuring persistence into the future (Bradshaw and Holzapfel 2006), especially when environmental change occurs over a large area and long period of time (e.g. climate change; Lynch and Lande 1993).
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Cao et al. (pp. 171 179 ) investigate the cold desert shrub Kalidium gracile (Amaranthaceae) and find that it has three life history traits that help ensure persistence at a site: a polycarpic perennial life cycle, a persistent seed bank and dormancy cycling.
However, controversy remains as to how large populations need to be to ensure persistence.
The expression of the hepatitis Be antigen (HBeAg) is one of several strategies used by hepatitis B virus (HBV) to ensure persistence.
However, occurrence does not ensure persistence.
We used a dynamic resource allocation algorithm [31], [32] to prioritize conservation investments across the world's ecoregions to ensure persistence of biodiversity in the future.
Nevertheless, for both cases maximum harvests occur when the fraction of habitat in reserves is sufficient to ensure persistence for all reserve widths (i.e., network persistence occurs, top half of Figures 5a d).
At small fractions of habitat in reserves (bottom half of Figures 5a d), harvests are relatively insensitive to reserve width so long as reserves are of sufficient size to ensure persistence [46] and harvest increases with fraction of habitat in reserves.
This mechanism ensures persistence of these cells in vivo.
HTLV-1 has developed sophisticated mechanisms to ensure persistence and, perhaps as a bystander effect, pathogenesis in vivo.
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