Labour Introduced all-women shortlists for many candidates before 1997 election to ensure half of vacant safe or target seats were filled by women.
Despite pressure behind the scenes, Mr Kennedy has failed to persuade activists to withdraw a proposal scrapping a rule designed to ensure half of Lib Dems elected to the European parliament are female.
As well as ensuring half its roles are occupied by women, it is aiming to ensure that 15% of staff and leadership come from black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) backgrounds, that disabled people make up 8% and lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender (LGBT) people also 8%.
These include the UN target of spending 0.7% of national income on development assistance by 2013, the EU's interim target of 0.56% of income by 2010-11, delivering Britain's share of extra $50bn in aid promised by the G8 at Gleneagles in 2005 and ensuring half of this extra money goes to Africa.
The director general recently announced a plan to ensure half of all local radio breakfast shows have female presenters on their teams.
The union said the new system was "very little better" than banding and it ensured half the schools in Wales would be classed as sub-standard even before a lesson had been taught.
Thus, to ensure half-duplex operation, we further divide each channel into orthogonal subchannels.
It is assumed that these WSNs can transmit over orthogonal time slots to ensure half-duplex operation and avoid any inter-signal interference.
Initial samples for each batch were shimmed to ensure half-height line width of <1.1 Hz for the dimethyly-silapentane-sulphonate peak, calibrated to 0.0 ppm.
This ensures that half the sperm each have five X chromosomes; the other half have five Y chromosomes, Grützner and his colleagues report online 25 October in Nature.
