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During the time that the cave passage has been enlarging, surface streams have been downcutting their beds, and the position of base level and the water table is lowered.
The triple hierarchical nanostructure of Ni3 VO4 2@NiCo2O4/NF is favorable for enlarging surface areas, exposing more active sites, promoting mass and charge transfer and accelerating HER process.
Microbiologically, the embedded flea behaves as a foreign body with a continuously enlarging surface (8 ).
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We revisited the site after the mainshock and found enlarged surface ruptures (Fig. 4b).
It can enlarge surface area to expose abundant active sites and facilitate mass and charge transportation.
Besides, the enhanced photocatalytic performance is also attributed to the improved visible-light absorption and enlarged surface area.
The improved performance is attributed to a markedly enlarged surface area provided by the nanobranches and better electron conductivity in the one-dimensional, well-aligned TiO2 nanorod trunks.
During these electrochemical treatments, the catalyst surfaces are modified from bulk phase, which can tune local electronic structures, create more active species, enlarge surface area and thus improve the catalytic performances.
However, a lower reflectivity of black silicon corresponds to more nanostructures, which would enlarge surface defect area and accelerate indirect recombination of photo-generated carriers, thereby restraining the photoelectric conversion efficiency [21].
The enhanced photocatalytic performance is attributed to the stable structure, enlarged surface area, strong adsorbability, strong light absorption ability, and high-efficiency separation rate of photoinduced electron-hole pairs.
However, the fatigue loads (up to 30% of the ultimate tensile load) can accelerate the concrete surface water transfer by a factor of 1.05 1.60 times in the initial drying process, mainly due to enlarged surface mass transfer area.
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