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The Germans had supplied Enigma operators with an additional two rotors to supplement the original three, and this increased the complexity of decryption tenfold.
The system of pre-defining the indicator setting for the day for all Enigma operators on a given network, on which the method of characteristics depended, was changed on 15 September 1938.
Using the data thus gained, combined with Enigma operators' tendency to choose predictable letter combinations as indicators (such as girlfriends' initials or a pattern of keys that they saw on the Enigma keyboard), Rejewski was able to deduce six permutations corresponding to the encipherment at six consecutive positions of the Enigma machine.
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Before an Enigma operator began enciphering a message, he set Enigma's three wheels (four in models used by the German navy) to various starting positions that were also known to the intended recipient.
Only one operator was necessary unlike Enigma, which typically involved three (a typist, a transcriber, and a radio operator).
The German operators of the Enigma machines were told which three rotors and which settings to use each day, but they had to choose the starting positions of the rotors and indicate their choices via the first three letters of their first messages.
For two operators to communicate, both Enigma machines had to be set up in the same way.
The operator would first set the Enigma's rotors to the ground setting, which might be GBL on that particular day, and then encrypt the message setting on the Enigma twice; that is, the operator would enter KYGKYG (which might come out to something like QZKBLX).
"We have had Bombe operators who only heard about the Enigma machine when its story was revealed in the 1970s".
At Bletchley Park, a British government establishment located north of London, a small group of code breakers developed techniques for decrypting intercepted messages that had been coded by German operators using electrical cipher machines, the most important of which were the Enigma and, later in the war, the sophisticated Tunny machine.
When "rlu" was sent out in Morse code by a radio operator, a recipient would pick it up, type it on the keyboard of his Enigma machine, and the letters "d-o-g" would light up on the lampboard — so long as the settings of the two machines were the same.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com