Treg induction was not altered by pioglitazone (Fig. 3E), indicating that PPARγ is not involved in the enhancement of Treg induction by EPA.
Moreover, Treg induction was blocked in the presence of TM43718, a specific antagonist of GPR119 (Fig. 3G), suggesting that enhancement of Treg induction by EPA and 5-HEPE is probably dependent on GPR119 signaling.
Inhibition of cyclooxygenase or ALOX12,15 resulted in up-regulation of EPA-dependent enhancement of Treg induction (Fig. 3D).
(G) Proposed model for cellular events involved in the enhancement of Treg induction by EPA and 5-HEPE.
Iriyama, N. et al. Enhancement of differentiation induction and upregulation of CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins and PU.1 in NB4 cells treated with combination of ATRA and valproic acid.
Inhibition of ALOX5, which is involved in the metabolism of EPA into 5-HEPE, reduced the EPA-dependent enhancement of Treg induction (Fig. 3D).
We hypothesized that the enhancement of Treg induction is dependent on one specific EPA metabolite because the effect of EPA is considered to be dependent on total functional effects of EPA itself and each EPA metabolite.
Considering that supplementation with ω3 fatty acid inhibit polarization of inflammatory Th17 T cells35 and M1 macrophages20, we hypothesized that EPA could improve adipose tissue inflammation via enhancement of Treg induction by M2-polarized macrophages.
Enhancement of jet induction by means of lobed inserts into a diffuser, was recently proposed in an European patent as a promising and low-cost solution for improving the performance of HVAC systems.
The laser induced enhancement of callus induction, growth rate of callus tissues and shoot tip, percentage of responses of shoot and root initiation, days to shoot and root initiation, shoots formed per callus, number of roots per shoots, length of roots and nuclear DNA content of in vitro raised plants were evaluated.
