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When taking the inertia effects into account, the dynamic enhancement coefficient was also considered.
Taking into account the analytical SERS enhancement coefficient of GNR-Si substrates [33] (2.5 × 103), we estimate the analytical enhancement coefficient of GNR-OPC substrates to be on the order of 104.
The tortuosity factor is considered as a velocity enhancement coefficient and is then related to the stagnant bed voidage.
Taking the inertia effects into account, dynamic mean compressive stress calculating equation is further deduced by utilizing the dynamic enhancement coefficient.
The values of the critical field as low as Eth = 12 V/μm and of the field enhancement coefficient being as high as β = 280 are comparable to the values reached for carbon nanotubes.
The load-carrying and energy-dissipating behavior of the specimens were satisfactorily simulated using a refined FE model with a combined isotropic and kinematic hardening rule of the core material, and the compression strength adjustment factor and the stress enhancement coefficient were well predicted by the FE analytical results with a relative error less than 3.0%.
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Based on the proposed analytical model, simplified design formulae for strength and stiffness enhancement coefficients are proposed.
The strength and strain enhancement coefficients of both OPCC- and GPC-FFTs decrease with an increase in the thickness of FRP tube.
Of course, the analytical SERS enhancement coefficients attained with our structures are a few orders of magnitude lower than those for such structures as the silver-immobilized nanorod assembly [41, 42].
where φ is the particle volume concentration, μ is the dynamic viscosity of the nanofluid (eff) and the base fluid (0), and C μ and C k are viscosity and thermal conductivity enhancement coefficients, determined from experimental viscosity and thermal conductivity ratios.
Numerical simulations are also performed to compute the sound-induced lift force, and sound-enhancement coefficients are developed to estimate the effect of sound on the vortex shedding forces.
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