We found matching results for the static S1 faces: fearfulness of static S1 faces (28%, 45%, or 63%) strongly enhanced fear perception of S2 faces, reflected by a significant main effect of static S1 fearfulness, F2,40 = 13.93, MSE = 0.09, P < 0.0001.
Some revealed a general increase of fear reactions, both to the fear (CS+) and the safety stimulus (CS−), whereas other studies discovered a differential return of fear with enhanced fear responses to the CS+ only.
Or did the crisis actually reduce immigrant work injury and fatality rates relative to those experienced by natives due to a greater reduction in immigrant employment and/or an enhanced fear of misreporting?
Both ideas reflect psychopathology of enhanced fear.
Since the enhanced anxiety-like behavior (Fig. 4), together with the impaired memory (Fig. 5), was also observed in tg mice following the extensive stress in other behavioral paradigms, it is reasonable to consider that the enhanced fear response in tg mice is not due to enhanced fear memory by a sensitization mechanism.
The enhanced fear response of HAB mice was attenuated by treatment with either the α2,3,5-subunit selective benzodiazepine partial agonist L-838,417, corticosterone or the selective neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist L-822,429.
An increased fear response may be due to enhanced fear memory or enhanced anxiety-like behavior, a decreased fear response may be due to impaired fear memory or less anxiety, while a minor change or non-change in fear response, such as in 36 trials-triggered fear response in current study, may be due to a mixture of impaired fear memory and enhanced anxiety-like behavior.
It was found that the two lines did not differ in terms of the threshold of shock perception as indicated by flinches or jumps expressing emotionally driven reactions in response to the foot shock [55], which suggests that enhanced fear expression in HAB mice is not driven by an altered pain perception upon US exposure.
Furthermore, it was shown that the enhanced fear expression in HAB mice could be attenuated by a BZD, a well established anxiolytic class of drugs, as well as by CORT and a NK1 receptor antagonist, which are currently under clinical trials for the treatment of specific anxiety disorders.
An important aim currently in the fear and anxiety field is the identification of the HDAC isoform(s) contributing to or mediating enhanced fear extinction.
