Classic oncogenes enhance proliferation and induce tumors when ectopically expressed.
Moreover, hypoxia has been shown to enhance proliferation through an ERK-dependent pathway [28].
There is now evidence that the MSCs promote nephron recovery after AKI through paracrine effects that prevent apoptosis and enhance proliferation (Figure 4A) [61 65].
It was concluded that applying appropriate loading treatment on hMSCs could enhance proliferation capability, and produce functional SMCs for engineered tissues.
The possibility to enhance proliferation resistance of discharged plutonium in the blanket of fast breeder reactor (FBR) has been investigated in terms of reactor core design aspects.
However, the lumen is filled when oncogenes that enhance proliferation are coexpressed with those that inhibit apoptosis, or when ErbB2, which induces both activities, is activated by homodimerization.
It was found to enhance proliferation and resistance in lung cancer cells by targeting death receptor 5 (DR5) although through a non-exosome associated pathway (Yuan et al. 2014).
This secreted factor was found to enhance proliferation and survival of intestinal goblet cells [74].
Both Par-6 and PKC-ζ have been identified as EMT-associated biomarkers [42] and found to enhance proliferation, migration and invasiveness in cell cultures [43], [44].
For instance, MMP14 was previously shown to enhance proliferation in many types of tumors [48] and HDAC3 silencing demonstrated to induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis [49], [50].
Reduced KCNE2 expression was previously suggested to enhance proliferation in the gastric cancer cell line SGC7901 via increased expression of Cyclin D1 [12].
