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LPA, an intermediate in the glycerol-3-phosphate pathway of glycerolipid synthesis had previously been identified as a PPARγ ligand and agonist [4], [5], but when added exogenously, it required tridentate sulfonamid or dimethyl sulfoxide to enhance its entry into RAW264.7 or CV-1 cells [4], [6].
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China has used its economic power — enhanced by its entry to the W.T.O. in 2001 — to reinforce the authority of a state still controlled by the Communist Party.
Mr. Welch said that even the more basic door hardware, like hinges, can be customized with finials and finishes that enhance the entry.
This K+ current may act in place of IKSper to enhance Ca2+ entry.
It is relevant to recall that grooming, including the allogrooming and nose rubbing common among bats, could enhance traumatic entry of the fungus into affected tissues of bats within a given colony [39].
Thus, in the absence of a physical interaction between the holotoxin and HA-C through NTNH, the HA-C did not enhance holotoxin entry (Fig. 2D).
Simultaneously, these antibodies could enhance the entry of the dengue virus into macrophages and dendritic cells whereupon the virus would replicate [ 36].
While these small molecules inhibit HIV entry into cells expressing the CD4 protein, we were intrigued to discover that they also enhance viral entry into cells that lack the CD4 receptor.
These observations led us to ask: How can a small molecule mimetic of CD4 both enhance viral entry in the absence of CD4 and modestly inhibit entry when CD4 is present on the target cell?
Congeners that either inhibit HIV-1 viral entry into CD4+CCR5+ cells or enhance viral entry into CD4 CCR5+ cells were subjected to direct binding analysis to full-length gp120, employing isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC).
Activated CD4 cells express increased levels of the co-receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 speculated to enhance HIV entry and infect host cells [ 17], and MIP-1α/CCL3 enhances expression of these receptors that are also used by the virus.
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