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The prospect of harnessing different subcellular compartments opens new and intriguing possibilities for the metabolic engineering of pathways leading to valuable natural compounds.
Furthermore, an improved understanding of the genetic and biochemical basis of metabolic pathways will also permit the engineering of pathways in plants and other heterologous hosts for the production of therapeutically important alkaloids.
This review will focus on the engineering of pathways resulting in the formation of PHAs containing 3-hydroxyvaleric acid, medium-chain-length 3-hydroxyalkanoic acids or 4-hydroxybutyric acid as constituents.
This requires transfer of a PHA synthase structural gene, expression of an enzymatically active PHA synthase protein and in particular engineering of pathways that provide this key enzyme of PHA synthesis with suitable substrates at sufficient concentrations.
The recent publication of Davidovich-Rikanati et al. demonstrates the technical feasibility of the genetical engineering of pathways in tomato plants to modify their fruit flavour profile in a proof-of-concept approach.
Metabolic engineering of pathways for product synthesis is relatively simple compared to engineering the ability to utilize non-pretreated biomass.
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In this review, we visit some recent successes in such novel pathway engineering and optimization, with particular emphasis on the selection and engineering of pathway enzymes and balancing of their accessory cofactors.
Other applications include metabolic engineering of biochemical pathways, gene function discovery, and engineering pathways for pharmaceuticals production (Table 3) [ 76].
These breakthroughs provide new opportunities to further unravel C4 pathways and to increase crop productivity through metabolic engineering of C4 pathways into C3 plants, such as rice.
This approach has previously been shown to overcome bottlenecks in engineering of heterologous pathways and to improve sugar utilization in S. cerevisiae engineered for pentose fermentation [ 22, 23].
Understanding the scope and mechanisms of channeling in central pathways may improve our interpretation of robust fluxomic topology throughout metabolic networks and lead to better design and engineering of heterologous pathways.
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