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We show that the framework can be used to: Identify conditions for small or large engineering effects on soil processes; assess engineer impacts on multiple soil processes; compare effects of different engineers on a given soil process; and integrate effects of multiple engineers on a single soil process.
However, most studies testing this hypothesis have either not manipulated the presence of engineers, or have transplanted engineers into areas already dominated by other engineers, which limits the ability to assess the relative engineering effects.
Consequently, the invasion of Spartina alterniflora weakened the ecosystem engineering effects of mangrove crabs.
Rabbits are central-place foragers, but few studies have analysed their ecosystem engineering effects in the vicinity of warrens.
Evidence of significant engineering effects by squirrels indicates that population reductions have cascading effects on other species, including several conservation-dependent species.
Increasing absorption bistability is studied under realistic conditions with a many-body approach for nonlinear optical absorption in semiconductor quantum wells, combining Coulomb and band structure engineering effects.
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The maximum power factor (~ 4.4 mW m− 1 K− 2) at 300 K was obtained using 0.31 at.% Pb-doped Bi0.52Sb1.48Te3 and was found to originate from an enlarged density of states effective mass as a result of the band engineering effect.
Rather, the main ecosystem engineering effect of A. marina is hydraulic destabilisation of the sediment matrix.
The behavioural effect is related to the engineering effect, in the sense that certain properties of the engineering effect of a road safety measure influence the likelihood that behavioural adaptation will occur.
This method is aimed at ITS – as was VRUITS − and is comprehensive in its approach, covering all three dimensions of road safety − exposure, crash risk and consequence, the effects due to behavioural adaptation in addition to the engineering effect (effect on target accident contributory factors) and is compatible with the other aspects of state-of-the-art road safety theories.
Here we propose the term of "cooperative ecosystem engineering" when two species interact in a way which enhances habitat suitability as a result of a combined engineering effect.
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